Part 1 of 5 · JLPT N2
寒山拾得 Kanzanshūtoku, part 1: An Official and a Wandering Monk
In this part
The narrator introduces Ryokyū In, a Tang official whose existence historians doubt, and digresses on Chinese administrative divisions. Three days after taking up his post in Taishū, Ryo sets out for Kokuseiji, and the narrator explains why. Back in Chōan, as Ryo was about to leave, a stubborn headache struck, and a ragged, tall monk appeared at his door offering to cure it.
AI translation · independently checked
唐の貞観のころだというから、西洋は七世紀の初め日本は年号というもののやっと出来かかったときである。It is said to have been around the Jōgan era of the Tō, which would place it, in Western terms, at the beginning of the seventh century, and in Japan at a time when the thing called an era name had only just begun to come into being.
閭丘胤という官吏がいたそうである。There was, so we are told, an official named Ryokyū In.
もっともそんな人はいなかったらしいと言う人もある。Some people, however, say that no such person seems ever to have existed.
なぜかと言うと、閭は台州の主簿になっていたと言い伝えられているのに、新旧の唐書に伝が見えない。Their reason is that, although tradition has it that Ryo served as shubo of Taishū, no biography of him appears in either the Old or the New Book of Tō.
主簿といえば、刺史とか太守とかいうと同じ官である。As for the shubo, it is the same office as what is called a prefect or a governor.
支那全国が道に分れ、道が州または郡に分れ、それが県に分れ、県の下に郷があり郷の下に里がある。The whole of China was divided into circuits, the circuits into prefectures or commanderies, and these in turn into counties; below the county came the township, and below the township the village.
州には刺史といい、郡には太守という。The head of a prefecture is called a prefect, and the head of a commandery is called a governor.
一体日本で県より小さいものに郡の名をつけているのは不都合だと、吉田東伍さんなんぞは不服を唱えている。Incidentally, scholars such as Mr Yoshida Tōgo have complained that it is quite wrong for Japan to give the name gun, 'commandery', to a unit smaller than a ken, 'county'.
閭がはたして台州の主簿であったとすると日本の府県知事くらいの官吏である。If Ryo really was shubo of Taishū, he would have been an official roughly on a par with a Japanese prefectural governor.
そうしてみると、唐書の列伝に出ているはずだというのである。That being so, the argument goes, he ought to appear among the biographies in the Book of Tō.
しかし閭がいなくては話が成り立たぬから、ともかくもいたことにしておくのである。Without Ryo, however, the story cannot stand, so for the time being let us at any rate suppose that he did exist.
さて閭が台州に着任してから三日目になった。Now, it was the third day since Ryo had taken up his post in Taishū.
長安で北支那の土埃をかぶって、濁った水を飲んでいた男が台州に来て中央支那の肥えた土を踏み、澄んだ水を飲むことになったので、上機嫌である。A man who in Chōan had been covered in the dust of northern China and had drunk muddy water had come to Taishū, where he could tread the rich soil of central China and drink clear water, and so he was in excellent spirits.
それにこの三日の間に、多人数の下役が来て謁見をする。Besides, during these three days, a great many subordinates had come to present themselves to him.
受持ち受持ちの事務を形式的に報告する。Each in turn gave a formal report on the business in his charge.
そのあわただしい中に、地方長官の威勢の大きいことを味わって、意気揚々としているのである。Amid all this bustle he had been savouring the great authority of a provincial governor, and he was fairly swelling with pride.
閭は前日に下役のものに言っておいて、今朝は早く起きて、天台県の国清寺をさして出かけることにした。Having given notice to his subordinates the day before, Ryo rose early this morning and resolved to set out for Kokuseiji in Tendai County.
これは長安にいたときから、台州に着いたら早速往こうときめていたのである。He had decided while still in Chōan that he would go there as soon as he arrived in Taishū.
何の用事があって国清寺へ往くかというと、それには因縁がある。If one asks what business he had at Kokuseiji, there is a story behind it.
閭が長安で主簿の任命を受けて、これから任地へ旅立とうとしたとき、あいにくこらえられぬほどの頭痛が起った。When Ryo had received his appointment as shubo in Chōan and was just about to set out for his new post, he was unluckily struck by an almost unbearable headache.
単純なレウマチス性の頭痛ではあったが、閭は平生から少し神経質であったので、かかりつけの医者の薬を飲んでもなかなかなおらない。It was nothing more than a simple rheumatic headache, but Ryo had always been somewhat highly strung, and even when he took the medicine from his usual doctor it would not go away.
これでは旅立ちの日を延ばさなくてはなるまいかと言って、女房と相談していると、そこへ小女が来て、「只今ご門の前へ乞食坊主がまいりまして、ご主人にお目にかかりたいと申しますがいかがいたしましょう」と言った。He was consulting his wife, saying that at this rate he might have to put off the day of his departure, when a young maid came in and said, "A beggar monk has just come to the gate, sir, and says he wishes to see the master. What shall I do?"
「ふん、坊主か」と言って閭はしばらく考えたが、「とにかく逢ってみるから、ここへ通せ」と言いつけた。"Hm, a monk, is it?" said Ryo, and thought for a while, but then he gave the order: "Well, I shall see him anyway. Show him in here."
そして女房を奧へ引っ込ませた。And he sent his wife off to the inner rooms.
元来閭は科挙に応ずるために、経書を読んで、五言の詩を作ることを習ったばかりで、仏典を読んだこともなく、老子を研究したこともない。Ryo had, in fact, done no more than read the Confucian classics and learn to compose five-character verse in order to sit the civil service examinations; he had never read the Buddhist scriptures, nor ever studied Laozi.
しかし僧侶や道士というものに対しては、なぜということもなく尊敬の念を持っている。Yet towards monks and Taoist priests he held a feeling of respect, for no particular reason.
自分の会得せぬものに対する、盲目の尊敬とでも言おうか。One might call it a blind reverence for what one does not understand.
そこで坊主と聞いて逢おうと言ったのである。That was why, on hearing it was a monk, he had said he would see him.
まもなくはいって来たのは、一人の背の高い僧であった。The man who came in shortly afterwards was a tall monk.
垢つき弊れた法衣を着て、長く伸びた髪を、眉の上で切っている。He wore a grimy, tattered robe, and his long, overgrown hair was cut off just above his eyebrows.
目にかぶさってうるさくなるまで打ちやっておいたものと見える。It seemed he had left it alone until it fell over his eyes and got in the way.
手には鉄鉢を持っている。In his hand he held an iron begging bowl.
僧は黙って立っているので閭が問うてみた。As the monk simply stood there in silence, Ryo put a question to him.
「わたしに逢いたいと言われたそうだが、なんのご用かな」"I hear you said you wished to see me. What might your business be?"
僧は言った。The monk said:
「あなたは台州へおいでなさることにおなりなすったそうでございますね。それに頭痛に悩んでおいでなさると申すことでございます。わたくしはそれを直して進ぜようと思って参りました」"I understand, sir, that you are to go to Taishū. And I am told that you are suffering from a headache. I have come thinking that I might cure it for you."
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning | JLPT |
|---|---|---|
| 官吏かんり | government officialFormal, old-fashioned word; modern Japanese prefers 公務員 or 役人. | — |
| 主簿しゅぼ | shubo, a Chinese official postOriginally a clerk or registrar post in Chinese administration. The narrator treats it as equal in rank to a prefect, so it is left as 'shubo' in the translation. | — |
| 不服を唱えているふふくをとなえる | to voice an objection, to complaindictionary form: 不服を唱える不服 means 'dissatisfaction'; 唱える means 'to advocate or proclaim'. | — |
| 着任ちゃくにん | arrival at a new postUsed with する, e.g. 着任する 'to take up one's post'. | — |
| 上機嫌じょうきげん | in high spirits, very cheerful | — |
| 意気揚々いきようよう | triumphant, swelling with prideFour-character idiom, often followed by と. | — |
| 因縁いんねん | a cause or connection behind something; a story behind itOriginally a Buddhist term for karmic causes and conditions. | — |
| あいにくあいにく | unfortunately, as luck would have it | N3 |
| 平生へいぜい | usually, ordinarilyLiterary; 平生から means 'always, by nature'. Everyday equivalent: 普段. | — |
| 女房にょうぼう | wifeSomewhat old-fashioned and informal way to refer to one's own wife. | N2 |
| 乞食坊主こじきぼうず | beggar monk坊主 'monk' is often slightly disparaging; 乞食 means 'beggar'. | — |
| 会得えとく | understanding, grasp会 is read え here, as in Buddhist vocabulary. | — |
| 鉄鉢てっぱつ | iron begging bowlCarried by monks to receive alms. | — |
| 進ぜようしんぜる | to do (something) for someone; to give (old-fashioned; originally humble, but by this period often said with a self-assured or condescending tone)dictionary form: 進ぜるArchaic: 〜て進ぜる means 'to do something for you', said by a speaker politely offering help. | — |
Grammar
〜そうである N4 reportedly, it is said that
Plain form plus そうだ/そうである marks hearsay. The narrator uses it to distance himself from the claim that Ryo actually existed.
閭丘胤という官吏がいたそうである。
There was, so we are told, an official named Ryokyū In.
〜かかる N2 to be about to, to begin to
Attached to the verb stem, かかる shows an action that has just started or is on the point of happening. Here 出来かかった means era names were only just coming into being.
日本は年号というもののやっと出来かかったときである
in Japan it was a time when the thing called an era name had only just begun to come into being
〜とすると N3 if we assume that, supposing
とすると introduces a hypothesis and draws a conclusion from it. With はたして it means 'if it really was the case that…'.
閭がはたして台州の主簿であったとすると日本の府県知事くらいの官吏である。
If Ryo really was shubo of Taishū, he would have been an official roughly on a par with a Japanese prefectural governor.
〜ことにしておく N3 to treat as, to suppose for now that
ことにする means 'to treat something as so', and adding ておく makes it a provisional arrangement. Here the narrator decides to treat Ryo as having existed so the story can go on.
ともかくもいたことにしておくのである。
So for the time being let us at any rate suppose that he did exist.
〜なくてはなるまい N2 will probably have to
なくてはならない means 'must', and the literary negative まい adds conjecture: 'it seems I will have to'. With か it becomes a worried question.
これでは旅立ちの日を延ばさなくてはなるまいか
At this rate, might I have to put off the day of my departure?
〜と見える N2 it seems that, apparently
と見える states a conclusion drawn from what can be seen. The narrator infers from the monk's hair how long it was left uncut.
目にかぶさってうるさくなるまで打ちやっておいたものと見える。
It seemed he had left it alone until it fell over his eyes and got in the way.