寒山拾得森鴎外

Part 1 of 5 · JLPT N2

寒山拾得 Kanzanshūtoku, part 1: An Official and a Wandering Monk

by Mori Ōgai · 1,341 characters · from The Governor Goes Looking for Sages

In this part

The narrator introduces Ryokyū In, a Tang official whose existence historians doubt, and digresses on Chinese administrative divisions. Three days after taking up his post in Taishū, Ryo sets out for Kokuseiji, and the narrator explains why. Back in Chōan, as Ryo was about to leave, a stubborn headache struck, and a ragged, tall monk appeared at his door offering to cure it.

AI translation · independently checked

唐とうの貞観じょうがんのころだというから、西洋せいようは七しち世紀せいきの初はじめ日本にっぽんは年号ねんごうというもののやっと出来できかかったときである。It is said to have been around the Jōgan era of the Tō, which would place it, in Western terms, at the beginning of the seventh century, and in Japan at a time when the thing called an era name had only just begun to come into being.

閭丘胤りょきゅういんという官吏かんりがいたそうである。There was, so we are told, an official named Ryokyū In.

もっともそんな人ひとはいなかったらしいと言いう人ひともある。Some people, however, say that no such person seems ever to have existed.

なぜかと言いうと、閭りょは台州たいしゅうの主簿しゅぼになっていたと言いい伝でんえられているのに、新旧しんきゅうの唐書とうじょに伝つてが見みえない。Their reason is that, although tradition has it that Ryo served as shubo of Taishū, no biography of him appears in either the Old or the New Book of Tō.

主簿しゅぼといえば、刺史ししとか太守たいしゅとかいうと同おなじ官かんである。As for the shubo, it is the same office as what is called a prefect or a governor.

支那しな全国ぜんこくが道どうに分わかれ、道みちが州しゅうまたは郡ぐんに分わかれ、それが県けんに分わかれ、県けんの下したに郷きょうがあり郷さとの下したに里りがある。The whole of China was divided into circuits, the circuits into prefectures or commanderies, and these in turn into counties; below the county came the township, and below the township the village.

州しゅうには刺史ししといい、郡ぐんには太守たいしゅという。The head of a prefecture is called a prefect, and the head of a commandery is called a governor.

一体いったい日本にっぽんで県けんより小ちいさいものに郡ぐんの名なをつけているのは不都合ふつごうだと、吉田よしだ東伍とうごさんなんぞは不服ふふくを唱となえている。Incidentally, scholars such as Mr Yoshida Tōgo have complained that it is quite wrong for Japan to give the name gun, 'commandery', to a unit smaller than a ken, 'county'.

閭りょがはたして台州たいしゅうの主簿しゅぼであったとすると日本にっぽんの府ふ県知事けんちじくらいの官吏かんりである。If Ryo really was shubo of Taishū, he would have been an official roughly on a par with a Japanese prefectural governor.

そうしてみると、唐書とうじょの列伝れつでんに出でているはずだというのである。That being so, the argument goes, he ought to appear among the biographies in the Book of Tō.

しかし閭りょがいなくては話はなしが成なり立たたぬから、ともかくもいたことにしておくのである。Without Ryo, however, the story cannot stand, so for the time being let us at any rate suppose that he did exist.

さて閭りょが台州たいしゅうに着任ちゃくにんしてから三みっ日か目めになった。Now, it was the third day since Ryo had taken up his post in Taishū.

長安ちょうあんで北きた支那しなの土埃つちほこりをかぶって、濁にごった水みずを飲のんでいた男おとこが台州たいしゅうに来きて中央ちゅうおう支那しなの肥こえた土つちを踏ふみ、澄すんだ水みずを飲のむことになったので、上機嫌じょうきげんである。A man who in Chōan had been covered in the dust of northern China and had drunk muddy water had come to Taishū, where he could tread the rich soil of central China and drink clear water, and so he was in excellent spirits.

それにこの三みっ日かの間あいだに、多人数たにんずうの下役したやくが来きて謁見えっけんをする。Besides, during these three days, a great many subordinates had come to present themselves to him.

受持うけもち受持うけもちの事務じむを形式的けいしきてきに報告ほうこくする。Each in turn gave a formal report on the business in his charge.

そのあわただしい中なかに、地方ちほう長官ちょうかんの威勢いせいの大おおきいことを味あじわって、意気いき揚々ようようとしているのである。Amid all this bustle he had been savouring the great authority of a provincial governor, and he was fairly swelling with pride.

閭りょは前日ぜんじつに下役したやくのものに言いっておいて、今朝けさは早はやく起おきて、天台てんだい県けんの国清寺こくせいじをさして出でかけることにした。Having given notice to his subordinates the day before, Ryo rose early this morning and resolved to set out for Kokuseiji in Tendai County.

これは長安ちょうあんにいたときから、台州たいしゅうに着ついたら早速さっそく往ゆこうときめていたのである。He had decided while still in Chōan that he would go there as soon as he arrived in Taishū.

何なんの用事ようじがあって国清寺こくせいじへ往ゆくかというと、それには因縁いんねんがある。If one asks what business he had at Kokuseiji, there is a story behind it.

閭りょが長安ちょうあんで主簿しゅぼの任命にんめいを受うけて、これから任地にんちへ旅立たびだとうとしたとき、あいにくこらえられぬほどの頭痛ずつうが起おこった。When Ryo had received his appointment as shubo in Chōan and was just about to set out for his new post, he was unluckily struck by an almost unbearable headache.

単純たんじゅんなレウマチス性せいの頭痛ずつうではあったが、閭りょは平生へいぜいから少すこし神経質しんけいしつであったので、かかりつけの医者いしゃの薬くすりを飲のんでもなかなかなおらない。It was nothing more than a simple rheumatic headache, but Ryo had always been somewhat highly strung, and even when he took the medicine from his usual doctor it would not go away.

これでは旅立たびだちの日ひを延のばさなくてはなるまいかと言いって、女房にょうぼうと相談そうだんしていると、そこへ小女こおんなが来きて、「只今ただいまご門もんの前まえへ乞食坊主こじきぼうずがまいりまして、ご主人しゅじんにお目めにかかりたいと申もうしますがいかがいたしましょう」と言いった。He was consulting his wife, saying that at this rate he might have to put off the day of his departure, when a young maid came in and said, "A beggar monk has just come to the gate, sir, and says he wishes to see the master. What shall I do?"

「ふん、坊主ぼうずか」と言いって閭りょはしばらく考かんがえたが、「とにかく逢あってみるから、ここへ通とおせ」と言いいつけた。"Hm, a monk, is it?" said Ryo, and thought for a while, but then he gave the order: "Well, I shall see him anyway. Show him in here."

そして女房にょうぼうを奧おくへ引ひっ込こませた。And he sent his wife off to the inner rooms.

元来がんらい閭りょは科挙かきょに応おうずるために、経書けいしょを読よんで、五言ごごんの詩しを作つくることを習ならったばかりで、仏典ぶってんを読よんだこともなく、老子ろうしを研究けんきゅうしたこともない。Ryo had, in fact, done no more than read the Confucian classics and learn to compose five-character verse in order to sit the civil service examinations; he had never read the Buddhist scriptures, nor ever studied Laozi.

しかし僧侶そうりょや道士どうしというものに対たいしては、なぜということもなく尊敬そんけいの念ねんを持もっている。Yet towards monks and Taoist priests he held a feeling of respect, for no particular reason.

自分じぶんの会得えとくせぬものに対たいする、盲目もうもくの尊敬そんけいとでも言いおうか。One might call it a blind reverence for what one does not understand.

そこで坊主ぼうずと聞きいて逢あおうと言いったのである。That was why, on hearing it was a monk, he had said he would see him.

まもなくはいって来きたのは、一人ひとりの背せの高たかい僧そうであった。The man who came in shortly afterwards was a tall monk.

垢あかつき弊やぶれた法衣ほうえを着きて、長ながく伸のびた髪かみを、眉まゆの上うえで切きっている。He wore a grimy, tattered robe, and his long, overgrown hair was cut off just above his eyebrows.

目めにかぶさってうるさくなるまで打うちやっておいたものと見みえる。It seemed he had left it alone until it fell over his eyes and got in the way.

手てには鉄鉢てっぱつを持もっている。In his hand he held an iron begging bowl.

僧そうは黙だまって立たっているので閭りょが問とうてみた。As the monk simply stood there in silence, Ryo put a question to him.

「わたしに逢あいたいと言いわれたそうだが、なんのご用ようかな」"I hear you said you wished to see me. What might your business be?"

僧そうは言いった。The monk said:

「あなたは台州たいしゅうへおいでなさることにおなりなすったそうでございますね。それに頭痛ずつうに悩なやんでおいでなさると申もうすことでございます。わたくしはそれを直なおして進しんぜようと思おもって参まいりました」"I understand, sir, that you are to go to Taishū. And I am told that you are suffering from a headache. I have come thinking that I might cure it for you."

Vocabulary

WordMeaningJLPT
官吏かんりgovernment officialFormal, old-fashioned word; modern Japanese prefers 公務員 or 役人.—
主簿しゅぼshubo, a Chinese official postOriginally a clerk or registrar post in Chinese administration. The narrator treats it as equal in rank to a prefect, so it is left as 'shubo' in the translation.—
不服を唱えているふふくをとなえるto voice an objection, to complaindictionary form: 不服を唱える不服 means 'dissatisfaction'; 唱える means 'to advocate or proclaim'.—
着任ちゃくにんarrival at a new postUsed with する, e.g. 着任する 'to take up one's post'.—
上機嫌じょうきげんin high spirits, very cheerful—
意気揚々いきようようtriumphant, swelling with prideFour-character idiom, often followed by と.—
因縁いんねんa cause or connection behind something; a story behind itOriginally a Buddhist term for karmic causes and conditions.—
あいにくあいにくunfortunately, as luck would have itN3
平生へいぜいusually, ordinarilyLiterary; 平生から means 'always, by nature'. Everyday equivalent: 普段.—
女房にょうぼうwifeSomewhat old-fashioned and informal way to refer to one's own wife.N2
乞食坊主こじきぼうずbeggar monk坊主 'monk' is often slightly disparaging; 乞食 means 'beggar'.—
会得えとくunderstanding, grasp会 is read え here, as in Buddhist vocabulary.—
鉄鉢てっぱつiron begging bowlCarried by monks to receive alms.—
進ぜようしんぜるto do (something) for someone; to give (old-fashioned; originally humble, but by this period often said with a self-assured or condescending tone)dictionary form: 進ぜるArchaic: 〜て進ぜる means 'to do something for you', said by a speaker politely offering help.—

Grammar

〜そうである N4 reportedly, it is said that

Plain form plus そうだ/そうである marks hearsay. The narrator uses it to distance himself from the claim that Ryo actually existed.

閭丘胤という官吏がいたそうである。

There was, so we are told, an official named Ryokyū In.

〜かかる N2 to be about to, to begin to

Attached to the verb stem, かかる shows an action that has just started or is on the point of happening. Here 出来かかった means era names were only just coming into being.

日本は年号というもののやっと出来かかったときである

in Japan it was a time when the thing called an era name had only just begun to come into being

〜とすると N3 if we assume that, supposing

とすると introduces a hypothesis and draws a conclusion from it. With はたして it means 'if it really was the case that…'.

閭がはたして台州の主簿であったとすると日本の府県知事くらいの官吏である。

If Ryo really was shubo of Taishū, he would have been an official roughly on a par with a Japanese prefectural governor.

〜ことにしておく N3 to treat as, to suppose for now that

ことにする means 'to treat something as so', and adding ておく makes it a provisional arrangement. Here the narrator decides to treat Ryo as having existed so the story can go on.

ともかくもいたことにしておくのである。

So for the time being let us at any rate suppose that he did exist.

〜なくてはなるまい N2 will probably have to

なくてはならない means 'must', and the literary negative まい adds conjecture: 'it seems I will have to'. With か it becomes a worried question.

これでは旅立ちの日を延ばさなくてはなるまいか

At this rate, might I have to put off the day of my departure?

〜と見える N2 it seems that, apparently

と見える states a conclusion drawn from what can be seen. The narrator infers from the monk's hair how long it was left uncut.

目にかぶさってうるさくなるまで打ちやっておいたものと見える。

It seemed he had left it alone until it fell over his eyes and got in the way.