Cover of 三国志 (Mikunishi)

Part 1 of 1 · JLPT N1

三国志 Mikunishi, part 1: Why Retell the Three Kingdoms

by Yoshikawa Eiji · 1,414 characters · from The Three Kingdoms: An Author's Foreword

In this part

The author explains why the ancient Chinese classic still feels alive and why its poetry must not be lost to abridgement, so he wrote it at full length as a newspaper serial, adding his own interpretations. He describes the vast scale of the story, which covers about 112 years, and notes how he handled place names and official titles. He recalls reading the tale late into the night as a boy and being scolded by his father.

AI translation · independently checked

三国さんごく志しは、いうまでもなく、今いまから約やく千八百せんはちひゃく年ねん前まえの古典こてんであるが、三国みくに志しの中なかに活躍かつやくしている登場とうじょう人物じんぶつは、現在げんざいでも中国ちゅうごく大陸たいりくの至いたる所ところにそのまま居いるような気きがする。It goes without saying that the Three Kingdoms is a classic from some eighteen hundred years ago, yet I feel as though the characters who play their parts in it still live, just as they were, in every corner of the Chinese mainland today.

――中国ちゅうごく大陸たいりくへ行いって、そこの雑多ざったな庶民しょみんや要人ようじんなどに接せっし、特とくに親したしんでみると、三国さんごく志しの中なかに出でて来くる人物じんぶつの誰だれかしらときっと似にている。Go to the Chinese mainland, mix with its motley common people and its men of importance, and get to know them closely, and they are sure to resemble someone or other who appears in the Three Kingdoms.

或あるいは、共通きょうつうしたものを感かんじる場合ばあいがしばしばある。Or else, there are often occasions when one senses something they have in common.

だから、現代げんだいの中国ちゅうごく大陸たいりくには、三国さんごく志し時代じだいの治乱興亡ちらんこうぼうがそのままあるし、作中さくちゅうの人物じんぶつも、文化ぶんかや姿すがたこそ変かわっているが、なお、今日こんにちにも生いきているといっても過言かごんでない。So it is no exaggeration to say that the order and chaos, the rise and fall of the Three Kingdoms era, are present in China today just as they were, and that the people of the story, though their culture and appearance have certainly changed, are still alive even now.

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三国さんごく志しには、詩しがある。The Three Kingdoms has poetry in it.

単たんに尨大ぼうだいな治乱ちらん興亡こうぼうを記述きじゅつした戦記せんき軍談ぐんだんの類たぐいでない所ところに、東洋人とうようじんの血ちを大おおきく搏うつ一種いっしゅの諧調かいちょうと音楽おんがくと色彩しきさいとがある。Because it is not merely a war chronicle or military tale recording a vast sweep of order, chaos, rise and fall, it holds a kind of harmony, music and colour that powerfully stirs the blood of the people of the East.

三国さんごく志しから詩しを除のぞいてしまったら、世界的せかいてきといわれる大だい構想こうそうの価値かちもよほど無味むみ乾燥かんそうなものになろう。Take the poetry out of the Three Kingdoms, and even the worth of this grand design, said to be of world stature, would become a rather dry and tasteless thing.

故ゆえに、三国さんごく志しは、強しいて簡略かんりゃくにしたり抄訳しょうやくしたものでは、大事だいじな詩し味みも逸いっしてしまうし、もっと重要じゅうような人ひとの胸底きょうていを搏うつものを失なくしてしまうおそれがある。Therefore, a version of the Three Kingdoms that has been forcibly simplified or abridged risks losing its precious poetic flavour, and losing something more important still: whatever it is that strikes the depths of the human heart.

で私わたくしは、簡かん訳やくや抄しょう略りゃくをあえてせずに、長篇ちょうへん執筆しっぴつに適当てきとうな新聞しんぶん小説しょうせつにこれを試こころみた。And so, deliberately refraining from simplifying or abridging it, I attempted it as a newspaper serial, a form well suited to writing a long work.

そして劉玄徳りゅうげんとくとか、曹操そうそうとか関羽かんう、張飛ちょうひそのほか、主要しゅよう人物じんぶつなどには、自分じぶんの解釈かいしゃくや創意そういをも加くわえて書かいた。And in writing about Ryū Gentoku, Sōsō, Kan'u, Chōhi and the other main characters, I also added my own interpretations and inventions.

随所ずいしょ、原本げんぽんにない辞じ句く、会話かいわなども、わたくしの点描てんびょうである。Here and there, phrases and conversations not found in the original are likewise touches of my own.

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いうまでもなく三さん国こく志しは、中国ちゅうごくの歴史れきしに取材しゅざいしているが、正史せいしではない。It goes without saying that the Three Kingdoms draws its material from Chinese history, but it is not official history.

けれど史し中ちゅうの人物じんぶつを巧妙こうみょう自在じざいに拉らっして活躍かつやくさせ、後漢ごかんの第だい十二じゅうに代だい霊帝れいていの代だい(わが朝ちょうの成務せいむ天皇てんのうの御世みよ、西暦せいれき百六十八ひゃくろくじゅうはち年ねん頃ころ)から、武帝ぶていが呉ごを亡ほろぼす太康たいこう元年がんねんまでのおよそ百十二ひゃくじゅうに年間ねんかんの長期ちょうきにわたる治乱ちらんが書かいてある。Yet, skilfully and freely taking figures from history and setting them in action, it describes the order and chaos of a long span of about a hundred and twelve years, from the reign of Reitei, twelfth emperor of the Gokan (in the reign of our own Emperor Seimu, around AD 168), to the first year of Taikō, when Butei destroyed Go.

構想こうそうの雄大ゆうだいと、舞台ぶたいの地域ちいきの広ひろさは、世界せかいの古典こてん小説しょうせつ中ちゅうでも比類ひるいないものといわれている。The grandeur of its design and the breadth of the lands that serve as its stage are said to be unrivalled even among the world's classic novels.

登場とうじょう人物じんぶつなども、審つまびらかに数かぞえたなら何千なんぜん何万なんまん人にんにものぼるであろう。As for its characters, if one were to count them carefully, they would surely number in the thousands, even tens of thousands.

しかも、これに加くわうるに中国ちゅうごく一流いちりゅうの華麗かれい豪壮ごうそうな調ちょうと、哀婉あいえん切々せつせつの情じょう、悲歌ひか慷慨こうがいの辞じ句くと、誇張こちょう幽幻ゆうげんな趣おもむきと、拍案はくあん三嘆さんたんの熱ねつとを以もって縷述るじゅつされてあるので、読よむ者ものをして百ひゃく年ねんの地上ちじょうに明滅めいめつする種々しゅじゅ雑多ざったな人間にんげんの浮沈ふちんと文化ぶんかの興亡こうぼうとを、一巻いっかんに偲しのばせて、転うたた深思しんしの感慨かんがいに耽ふけらしめる魅力みりょくがある。What is more, it is told in rich detail with a magnificent and stirring tone of the finest Chinese kind, feelings of sorrowful, tender intensity, phrases of mournful song and righteous indignation, an air of exaggeration and mystery, and a fervour that makes one strike the table and sigh again and again; and so it has the power to let its readers recall, within a single volume, the rise and fall of all manner of people and of cultures flickering across the earth over a hundred years, and to draw them ever deeper into profound reflection.

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見方みかたによれば三さん国こく志しは、一ひとつの民俗みんぞく小説しょうせつともいえる。From a certain point of view, the Three Kingdoms can also be called a novel of folk life.

三国さんごく志しの中なかに見みられる人間にんげんの愛欲あいよく、道徳どうとく、宗教しゅうきょう、その生活せいかつ、また、主題しゅだいたる戦争せんそう行為こういだとか群雄割拠ぐんゆうかっきょの状じょうなどは、さながら彩いろどられた彼かれの民俗みんぞく絵巻えまきでもあり、その生々動流せいせいどうりゅうする相すがたは、天地てんち間かんを舞台ぶたいとして、壮大そうだいなる音楽おんがくに伴ともなって演技えんぎされた人類じんるいの大演劇だいドラマとも観みられるのである。Human love and desire, morality, religion and daily life, as well as warfare, its main theme, and the way rival warlords divided the land between them: all these, as seen in the Three Kingdoms, form a richly coloured picture scroll of that people's life, and their vivid, surging spectacle can also be seen as a great drama of humankind, performed on the stage of heaven and earth to the accompaniment of magnificent music.

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現在げんざいの地名ちめいと、原本げんぽんの誌しるす地名ちめいとは、当然とうぜん時代じだいによる異ちがいがあるので、分わかっている地方ちほうは下したに註ちゅうを加くわえておいた。Present-day place names naturally differ from those recorded in the original, owing to the passage of time, so for the regions that can be identified I have added notes below.

分わからない旧名きゅうめいもかなりある。There are also a good many old names that cannot be identified.

また、登場とうじょう人物じんぶつの爵位しゃくい官職かんしょくなど、ほぼ文字もじで推察すいさつのつきそうなのはそのまま用もちいた。Also, where the characters' titles of rank, official posts and the like can roughly be guessed from the written characters themselves, I have used them as they are.

あまりに現代語げんだいご化かしすぎると、その文字もじの持もっている特有とくゆうな色彩しきさいや感覚かんかくを失うしなってしまうからである。This is because modernising them too thoroughly would lose the particular colour and feeling those written characters carry.

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原本げんぽんには「通俗つうぞく三国さんごく志し」「三国みくに志し演義えんぎ」その他た数すう種しゅあるが、私わたくしはそのいずれの直訳ちょくやくにもよらないで、随時ずいじ、長所ちょうしょを択とって、わたくし流りゅうに書かいた。The original exists in several versions, such as the Popular Account of the Three Kingdoms and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but rather than translating any one of them directly, I have taken the best parts as I went and written it in my own way.

これを書かきながら思おもい出だされるのは、少年しょうねんの頃ころ、久保くぼ天随てんずい氏しの演義えんぎ三国さんごく志しを熱読ねつどくして、三更さんこう四更しこうまで燈下とうかにしがみついていては、父ちちに寝ねろ寝ねろといって叱しかられたことである。What comes back to me as I write this is how, as a boy, I devoured Mr Kubo Tenzui's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, clinging to it under the lamp until the third or fourth watch of the night, and was scolded by my father, who kept telling me, "Go to bed, go to bed!"

本来ほんらい、三国さんごく志しの真味しんみを酌くむにはこの原書げんしょを読よむに如しくはないのであるが、今日こんにちの読者どくしゃにその難渋なんじゅうは耐たえ得えぬことだし、また、一般いっぱんの求もとめる目的もくてきも意義いぎも、大おおいに異ちがうはずなので、あえて書肆しょしの希望きぼうにまかせて再訂さいてい上梓じょうしすることにした。Properly speaking, there is nothing better than reading the original to savour the true flavour of the Three Kingdoms, but today's readers could not endure its difficulty, and what the general public seeks from it, its aims and its meaning, must surely be very different; so I have ventured, in keeping with the publisher's wishes, to revise it and bring it out in print once more.

著者ちょしゃThe Author

Vocabulary

WordMeaningJLPT
古典こてんa classic; classical literatureN2
活躍かつやくbeing active; playing an important partUsed for characters in a story as well as for real people doing well in their field.N2
治乱興亡ちらんこうぼうorder and chaos, rise and fall (of states)Four-character compound: 治 order, 乱 disorder, 興 rise, 亡 ruin.—
強いてしいてforcibly; deliberately, against what is natural (te-form of 強いる)Adverb from 強いる (to force); note the irregular reading し.N1
抄訳しょうやくabridged translation抄 means 'excerpt'; contrast 全訳 (complete translation) and 直訳 (literal translation).—
創意そういoriginal ideas; invention—
正史せいしofficial (dynastic) historyContrasted with fiction based on history.—
比類ないひるいないunrivalled; without equalLiterally 'no comparable kind'.—
浮沈ふちんups and downs; rise and fall (of fortunes)浮 float + 沈 sink.—
耽らしめるふけるto be absorbed in, to lose oneself indictionary form: 耽るOften 物思いに耽る (to be lost in thought); here in the literary causative form.—
群雄割拠ぐんゆうかっきょrival warlords each holding their own territorySet phrase for periods of fragmented power.—
絵巻えまきpicture scrollA horizontal hand scroll telling a story in pictures; used figuratively for a vivid panorama.—
書肆しょしpublisher; booksellerOld-fashioned word; today 出版社 or 書店.—
上梓じょうしpublication; bringing out in printFormal word, originally 'putting onto woodblocks (梓)'.—

Grammar

〜といっても過言でない N1 it is no exaggeration to say that ~

A plain-form statement plus といっても過言でない asserts a strong claim while presenting it as fully justified: 'it is no exaggeration to say that…'. The more common modern form is 過言ではない.

なお、今日にも生きているといっても過言でない

it is no exaggeration to say that they are still alive even now

〜こそ〜が N2 certainly ~, but ~

こそ highlights one point as true, and the following が introduces a contrasting fact that matters more. Here culture and appearance have indeed changed, but the people live on.

文化や姿こそ変っているが、なお、今日にも生きている

though their culture and appearance have certainly changed, they are still alive even now

〜おそれがある N2 there is a risk that ~

Attached to a dictionary or た form, it warns of an undesirable possibility. It is formal and common in news and written argument.

人の胸底を搏つものを失くしてしまうおそれがある

it risks losing whatever strikes the depths of the human heart

〜に如くはない N1 there is nothing better than ~

如く (しく) means 'to equal'; 'nothing equals ~' means ~ is the best course. It is a literary expression, usually after a dictionary-form verb.

三国志の真味を酌むにはこの原書を読むに如くはないのである

to savour the true flavour of the Three Kingdoms, there is nothing better than reading the original