
Part 1 of 1 · JLPT N1
三国志 Mikunishi, part 1: Why Retell the Three Kingdoms
In this part
The author explains why the ancient Chinese classic still feels alive and why its poetry must not be lost to abridgement, so he wrote it at full length as a newspaper serial, adding his own interpretations. He describes the vast scale of the story, which covers about 112 years, and notes how he handled place names and official titles. He recalls reading the tale late into the night as a boy and being scolded by his father.
AI translation · independently checked
三国志は、いうまでもなく、今から約千八百年前の古典であるが、三国志の中に活躍している登場人物は、現在でも中国大陸の至る所にそのまま居るような気がする。It goes without saying that the Three Kingdoms is a classic from some eighteen hundred years ago, yet I feel as though the characters who play their parts in it still live, just as they were, in every corner of the Chinese mainland today.
――中国大陸へ行って、そこの雑多な庶民や要人などに接し、特に親しんでみると、三国志の中に出て来る人物の誰かしらときっと似ている。Go to the Chinese mainland, mix with its motley common people and its men of importance, and get to know them closely, and they are sure to resemble someone or other who appears in the Three Kingdoms.
或いは、共通したものを感じる場合がしばしばある。Or else, there are often occasions when one senses something they have in common.
だから、現代の中国大陸には、三国志時代の治乱興亡がそのままあるし、作中の人物も、文化や姿こそ変っているが、なお、今日にも生きているといっても過言でない。So it is no exaggeration to say that the order and chaos, the rise and fall of the Three Kingdoms era, are present in China today just as they were, and that the people of the story, though their culture and appearance have certainly changed, are still alive even now.
××
三国志には、詩がある。The Three Kingdoms has poetry in it.
単に尨大な治乱興亡を記述した戦記軍談の類でない所に、東洋人の血を大きく搏つ一種の諧調と音楽と色彩とがある。Because it is not merely a war chronicle or military tale recording a vast sweep of order, chaos, rise and fall, it holds a kind of harmony, music and colour that powerfully stirs the blood of the people of the East.
三国志から詩を除いてしまったら、世界的といわれる大構想の価値もよほど無味乾燥なものになろう。Take the poetry out of the Three Kingdoms, and even the worth of this grand design, said to be of world stature, would become a rather dry and tasteless thing.
故に、三国志は、強いて簡略にしたり抄訳したものでは、大事な詩味も逸してしまうし、もっと重要な人の胸底を搏つものを失くしてしまうおそれがある。Therefore, a version of the Three Kingdoms that has been forcibly simplified or abridged risks losing its precious poetic flavour, and losing something more important still: whatever it is that strikes the depths of the human heart.
で私は、簡訳や抄略をあえてせずに、長篇執筆に適当な新聞小説にこれを試みた。And so, deliberately refraining from simplifying or abridging it, I attempted it as a newspaper serial, a form well suited to writing a long work.
そして劉玄徳とか、曹操とか関羽、張飛そのほか、主要人物などには、自分の解釈や創意をも加えて書いた。And in writing about Ryū Gentoku, Sōsō, Kan'u, Chōhi and the other main characters, I also added my own interpretations and inventions.
随所、原本にない辞句、会話なども、わたくしの点描である。Here and there, phrases and conversations not found in the original are likewise touches of my own.
××
いうまでもなく三国志は、中国の歴史に取材しているが、正史ではない。It goes without saying that the Three Kingdoms draws its material from Chinese history, but it is not official history.
けれど史中の人物を巧妙自在に拉して活躍させ、後漢の第十二代霊帝の代(わが朝の成務天皇の御世、西暦百六十八年頃)から、武帝が呉を亡ぼす太康元年までのおよそ百十二年間の長期にわたる治乱が書いてある。Yet, skilfully and freely taking figures from history and setting them in action, it describes the order and chaos of a long span of about a hundred and twelve years, from the reign of Reitei, twelfth emperor of the Gokan (in the reign of our own Emperor Seimu, around AD 168), to the first year of Taikō, when Butei destroyed Go.
構想の雄大と、舞台の地域の広さは、世界の古典小説中でも比類ないものといわれている。The grandeur of its design and the breadth of the lands that serve as its stage are said to be unrivalled even among the world's classic novels.
登場人物なども、審らかに数えたなら何千何万人にものぼるであろう。As for its characters, if one were to count them carefully, they would surely number in the thousands, even tens of thousands.
しかも、これに加うるに中国一流の華麗豪壮な調と、哀婉切々の情、悲歌慷慨の辞句と、誇張幽幻な趣と、拍案三嘆の熱とを以て縷述されてあるので、読む者をして百年の地上に明滅する種々雑多な人間の浮沈と文化の興亡とを、一巻に偲ばせて、転深思の感慨に耽らしめる魅力がある。What is more, it is told in rich detail with a magnificent and stirring tone of the finest Chinese kind, feelings of sorrowful, tender intensity, phrases of mournful song and righteous indignation, an air of exaggeration and mystery, and a fervour that makes one strike the table and sigh again and again; and so it has the power to let its readers recall, within a single volume, the rise and fall of all manner of people and of cultures flickering across the earth over a hundred years, and to draw them ever deeper into profound reflection.
××
見方によれば三国志は、一つの民俗小説ともいえる。From a certain point of view, the Three Kingdoms can also be called a novel of folk life.
三国志の中に見られる人間の愛欲、道徳、宗教、その生活、また、主題たる戦争行為だとか群雄割拠の状などは、さながら彩られた彼の民俗絵巻でもあり、その生々動流する相は、天地間を舞台として、壮大なる音楽に伴って演技された人類の大演劇とも観られるのである。Human love and desire, morality, religion and daily life, as well as warfare, its main theme, and the way rival warlords divided the land between them: all these, as seen in the Three Kingdoms, form a richly coloured picture scroll of that people's life, and their vivid, surging spectacle can also be seen as a great drama of humankind, performed on the stage of heaven and earth to the accompaniment of magnificent music.
××
現在の地名と、原本の誌す地名とは、当然時代による異いがあるので、分っている地方は下に註を加えておいた。Present-day place names naturally differ from those recorded in the original, owing to the passage of time, so for the regions that can be identified I have added notes below.
分らない旧名もかなりある。There are also a good many old names that cannot be identified.
また、登場人物の爵位官職など、ほぼ文字で推察のつきそうなのはそのまま用いた。Also, where the characters' titles of rank, official posts and the like can roughly be guessed from the written characters themselves, I have used them as they are.
あまりに現代語化しすぎると、その文字の持っている特有な色彩や感覚を失ってしまうからである。This is because modernising them too thoroughly would lose the particular colour and feeling those written characters carry.
××
原本には「通俗三国志」「三国志演義」その他数種あるが、私はそのいずれの直訳にもよらないで、随時、長所を択って、わたくし流に書いた。The original exists in several versions, such as the Popular Account of the Three Kingdoms and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but rather than translating any one of them directly, I have taken the best parts as I went and written it in my own way.
これを書きながら思い出されるのは、少年の頃、久保天随氏の演義三国志を熱読して、三更四更まで燈下にしがみついていては、父に寝ろ寝ろといって叱られたことである。What comes back to me as I write this is how, as a boy, I devoured Mr Kubo Tenzui's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, clinging to it under the lamp until the third or fourth watch of the night, and was scolded by my father, who kept telling me, "Go to bed, go to bed!"
本来、三国志の真味を酌むにはこの原書を読むに如くはないのであるが、今日の読者にその難渋は耐え得ぬことだし、また、一般の求める目的も意義も、大いに異うはずなので、あえて書肆の希望にまかせて再訂上梓することにした。Properly speaking, there is nothing better than reading the original to savour the true flavour of the Three Kingdoms, but today's readers could not endure its difficulty, and what the general public seeks from it, its aims and its meaning, must surely be very different; so I have ventured, in keeping with the publisher's wishes, to revise it and bring it out in print once more.
著者The Author
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning | JLPT |
|---|---|---|
| 古典こてん | a classic; classical literature | N2 |
| 活躍かつやく | being active; playing an important partUsed for characters in a story as well as for real people doing well in their field. | N2 |
| 治乱興亡ちらんこうぼう | order and chaos, rise and fall (of states)Four-character compound: 治 order, 乱 disorder, 興 rise, 亡 ruin. | — |
| 強いてしいて | forcibly; deliberately, against what is natural (te-form of 強いる)Adverb from 強いる (to force); note the irregular reading し. | N1 |
| 抄訳しょうやく | abridged translation抄 means 'excerpt'; contrast 全訳 (complete translation) and 直訳 (literal translation). | — |
| 創意そうい | original ideas; invention | — |
| 正史せいし | official (dynastic) historyContrasted with fiction based on history. | — |
| 比類ないひるいない | unrivalled; without equalLiterally 'no comparable kind'. | — |
| 浮沈ふちん | ups and downs; rise and fall (of fortunes)浮 float + 沈 sink. | — |
| 耽らしめるふける | to be absorbed in, to lose oneself indictionary form: 耽るOften 物思いに耽る (to be lost in thought); here in the literary causative form. | — |
| 群雄割拠ぐんゆうかっきょ | rival warlords each holding their own territorySet phrase for periods of fragmented power. | — |
| 絵巻えまき | picture scrollA horizontal hand scroll telling a story in pictures; used figuratively for a vivid panorama. | — |
| 書肆しょし | publisher; booksellerOld-fashioned word; today 出版社 or 書店. | — |
| 上梓じょうし | publication; bringing out in printFormal word, originally 'putting onto woodblocks (梓)'. | — |
Grammar
〜といっても過言でない N1 it is no exaggeration to say that ~
A plain-form statement plus といっても過言でない asserts a strong claim while presenting it as fully justified: 'it is no exaggeration to say that…'. The more common modern form is 過言ではない.
なお、今日にも生きているといっても過言でない
it is no exaggeration to say that they are still alive even now
〜こそ〜が N2 certainly ~, but ~
こそ highlights one point as true, and the following が introduces a contrasting fact that matters more. Here culture and appearance have indeed changed, but the people live on.
文化や姿こそ変っているが、なお、今日にも生きている
though their culture and appearance have certainly changed, they are still alive even now
〜おそれがある N2 there is a risk that ~
Attached to a dictionary or た form, it warns of an undesirable possibility. It is formal and common in news and written argument.
人の胸底を搏つものを失くしてしまうおそれがある
it risks losing whatever strikes the depths of the human heart
〜に如くはない N1 there is nothing better than ~
如く (しく) means 'to equal'; 'nothing equals ~' means ~ is the best course. It is a literary expression, usually after a dictionary-form verb.
三国志の真味を酌むにはこの原書を読むに如くはないのである
to savour the true flavour of the Three Kingdoms, there is nothing better than reading the original